JavaScript Const
The const keyword was introduced in
ES6 (2015)
Variables defined with const cannot be Redeclared
Variables defined with const cannot be Reassigned
Variables defined with const have Block Scope
Cannot be Reassigned
A variable defined with the const keyword cannot be reassigned:
Example
const PI = 3.141592653589793;
PI = 3.14; // This will give an error
PI = PI + 10; // This will also give an error
Try it Yourself »
Must be Assigned
JavaScript const variables must be assigned a value when they are declared:
Correct
const PI = 3.14159265359;
Incorrect
const PI;
PI = 3.14159265359;
When to use JavaScript const?
Always declare a variable with const when you know that
the value should not be changed.
Use const when you declare:
- A new Array
- A new Object
- A new Function
- A new RegExp
Constant Objects and Arrays
The keyword const is a little misleading.
It does not define a constant value. It defines a constant reference to a value.
Because of this you can NOT:
- Reassign a constant value
- Reassign a constant array
- Reassign a constant object
- Change the elements of constant array
- Change the properties of constant object
But you CAN:
Constant Arrays
You can change the elements of a constant array:
Example
// You can create a constant array:
const cars = ["Saab", "Volvo", "BMW"];
// You can change an element:
cars[0] = "Toyota";
// You can add an element:
cars.push("Audi");
Try it Yourself »
But you can NOT reassign the array:
Example
const cars = ["Saab", "Volvo", "BMW"];
cars = ["Toyota", "Volvo", "Audi"]; // ERROR
Try it Yourself »
Constant Objects
You can change the properties of a constant object:
Example
// You can create a const object:
const car = {type:"Fiat", model:"500", color:"white"};
// You can change a property:
car.color = "red";
// You can add a property:
car.owner = "Johnson";
Try it Yourself »
But you can NOT reassign the object:
Example
const car = {type:"Fiat", model:"500", color:"white"};
car = {type:"Volvo", model:"EX60", color:"red"}; //
ERROR
Try it Yourself »
Difference Between var, let and const
| Scope | Redeclare | Reassign | Hoisted | Binds this | |
| var | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| let | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
| const | Yes | No | No | No | No |
What is Good?
let and const
have block scope.
let and const
can not be redeclared.
let and const
must be declared before use.
let and const
does not bind to this.
let and const
are not hoisted.
What is Not Good?
var does not have to be declared.
var is hoisted.
var binds to this.
Browser Support
The let and const keywords are
not supported in Internet Explorer 11 or earlier.
The following table defines the first browser versions with full support:
| Chrome 49 | Edge 12 | Firefox 36 | Safari 11 | Opera 36 |
| Mar, 2016 | Jul, 2015 | Jan, 2015 | Sep, 2017 | Mar, 2016 |
Block Scope
Declaring a variable with const is similar to let
when it comes to Block Scope.
The x declared in the block, in this example, is not the same as the x declared outside the block:
Example
const x = 10;
// Here x is 10
{
const x = 2;
// Here x is 2
}
// Here x is 10
Try it Yourself »
You can learn more about block scope in the chapter JavaScript Scope.
Redeclaring
Redeclaring a JavaScript var variable is allowed
anywhere in a program:
Example
var x = 2; // Allowed
var x = 3; // Allowed
x = 4; // Allowed
Redeclaring an existing var or let
variable to const, in the same scope, is not allowed:
Example
var x = 2; // Allowed
const x = 2; // Not allowed
{
let x = 2; // Allowed
const x = 2; // Not allowed
}
{
const x = 2; // Allowed
const x = 2; // Not allowed
}
Reassigning an existing const variable, in the same scope, is not allowed:
Example
const x = 2; // Allowed
x = 2; // Not allowed
var x = 2; // Not allowed
let x = 2; // Not allowed
const x = 2; // Not allowed
{
const x = 2; // Allowed
x = 2;
// Not allowed
var x = 2;
// Not allowed
let x = 2;
// Not allowed
const x = 2; // Not allowed
}
Redeclaring a variable with const, in another scope, or in another block, is allowed:
Example
const x = 2; // Allowed
{
const x = 3; // Allowed
}
{
const x = 4; // Allowed
}
Hoisting
Variables defined with var are hoisted to the top
and can be initialized at any time.
Meaning: You can use the variable before it is declared:
If you want to learn more about hoisting, study the chapter JavaScript Hoisting.
Variables defined with const are also hoisted to the top,
but not initialized.
Meaning: Using a const variable before it is declared will result in a
ReferenceError:
